V. I. Lenin

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA

The Process of the Formation of a
Home Market for Large-Scale Industry

[Part 5 -- Chapters VII and VIII]



  Written in 1896-99.
 
  First printed in book
  form at the end of
  March 1899

    Published according to the text
    of the second edition
 
 
 



From V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, 4th English Edition,
Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1961

Vol. 3, pp. 21-603.

Translated by Joe Fineberg and by George Hanna
Edited by Victor Jerome


Prepared © for the Internet by David J. Romagnolo,
djr@cruzio.com (November 1997)


C O N T E N T S

[Part 5]
 

Chapter VII.   T h e  D e v e l o p m e n t  o f  L a r g e - S c a l e
               M a c h i n e  I n d u s t r y .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


454

I.
 

The Scientific Conception of the Factory and the Signifi-
cance of "Factory" Statisitics  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


454

II.

Our Factory Statistics .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

456



  There sources 456. -- Publications of the 60s 457-458. -- The specific character of the Military Statistical Abstract 459-461. -- Mr. Orlov's Directory 461-462. -- The Collections of the Department of Commerce and Manufactures 463-464. -- The Returns for Russia for 1884-85 ; Mr. Karyshev's errors 464-465. -- Data of gubernia statistical committees 466. -- The List 466. -- Is the number of factories in Russia growing?
467-468.


III.
 

An Examination of Historical-Statistical Data on the Devel-
opment of Large-Scale Industry .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


468



  1) Textile Trades .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
  2) Wood-Working Industries  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
  3) Chemical, Livestock Product and Ceramic Industries
  4) Metallurgical Industries   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
  5) Food Industries   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
  6) Excise-Paying and Other Trades .   .   .   .   .   .   .
  7) Conclusions .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

469
474
475
478
479
481
483

IV.

The Development of the Mining Industry  .   .   .   .   .   .   .

484



  The Urals, their specific features 484-488. -- The South 488-491. -- The Causasus 491-492. -- The big and small mines in the Donets Basin 492-494. -- The significance of the data on the development of the mining industry 494-496.


V.
 

Is the Number of Workers in Large Capitalist Enterprises Growing? .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


496



  Data for the years 1865, 1879, 1890 496-499. -- Mistaken Method of the Narodniks 499-507.


VI.

Steam-Engine Statistics .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

507



  Data for the years 1875-1878 and 1892 507-509.


VII.

The Growth of Large Factories  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

509



  Data for the years 1866, 1879, 1890 and 1894-95 509-514. -- The largest enterprises in factory industry and in the mining industry
514-515. -- The errors of Mr. N-on 515-517.


 VIII.

The Distribution of Large-Scale Industry .   .   .   .   .   .   .

518



  Data on the leading centres of factory industry in the years 1879 and 1890 518-519. -- Three types of centres 519-521. -- The classi-
fication of the centres 521-523. -- The growth of rural factory centres and its significance 523-525.


IX.

The Development of the Lumber and Building Industries .   .

525



  The growth of the lumber industry 525-526; its organisation 526-
530. -- The growth of capitalism in the building industry 530-533.


X.

The Appendage to the Factory   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

534

XI.

The Complete Separation of Industry from Agriculture  .   .

536



  The error of the Narodniks 536-537. -- Moscow Zemstvo sanitary statistics 537-541.


XII.
 

Three Stages in the Development of Capitalism in Russian
Industry   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


541



  The connection between all the stages 541-543. -- Specific technical features 543. -- The growth of capitalist relationships 543-544. -- The character of the development of industry 544-545. -- The separa-
tion of industry from agriculture 545-548. -- Differences in living conditions 548-550. -- The growth of the home market 550-551.
 


Chapter VIII.   T h e  F o r m a t i o n  o f  t h e  H o m e  M a r-
                k e t   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


454

I.

The Growth of Commodity Circulation .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

552


 

  The development of the railways 552-553, water transport 553-
554, commerce and the banks 554-557.


II.

The Growth of the Commercial and Industrial Population .   .

557



  1) The Growth of Towns .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .
  2) The Significance of Home Colonisation .   .   .   .   .
  3) The Growth of Factory and of Commercial and In-
      dustrial Townships and Villages .   .   .   .   .   .   .
  4) Non-Agricultural Outside Employments .   .   .   .   .

557
562
 
566
568



  Non-agricultural outside employments 568-581, their size and growth 568-576, their progressive role 576-579, the appraisal of them by Narodnik writers 579-581.


III.

The Growth of the Employment of Wage-Labour .   .   .   .   .

581



  Approximate number of wage-workers 581-583. -- Capitalist surplus-population 583. -- The error of the Narodniks 583-586.


IV.

The Formation of a Home Market for Labour-Power .  .   .   .

586



  The main movements of wage-workers in connection with the size of wages 586-589. -- The formation of a home market 589-590. -- Mr. N-on's "theory" 590-591.


V.
 

The Significance of the Border Regions. Home or Foreign Market?   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .


591



  Capitalism's urge for expansion 591-592. -- The example of the Caucasus 593-594. -- Two aspects of the process of the formation of a market 594-596.


VI.

The Mission of Capitalism .  .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .

596



  The increase in the productivity of social labour 596-598. -- The socialisation of labour 598-600. -- The cause of the difference with the Narodniks 600-601.



Y
e
a
r
s

I. M. Terentyev's factory
in Shuya

I. N. Garelin's factory
in Ivanovo-Voznesensk


No. of
power-
looms

Number
of workers

Total
output
(thous.
rubles)


No. of
power-
looms

Number
of workers

Total
output
(thous.
rubles)

on prem-
ises

 out- 
side

total

on prem-
ises

out-
side

total

1866
 
 
1879
1890
1894-95

Hand
 
 
Steam
"
"

--
 
 
  648
1,502
?

205
 
 
920
1,043
1,160

670
 
 
--
--
--

875
 
 
920
1,043
1,160

130
 
 
1,346
1,244
1,878

Distrib-
uting
offices
Steam
"
"

--
 
 
  893
1,141
?

?
 
 
1,274
1,483
2,134

1,917
 
 
--
--
--

1,917
 
 
1,274
1,483
2,134

158
 
 
2,137
2,058
2,933

Groups
of mines
according
to number
of workers

In Donets Basin

Average per mine

Out-
put
per
wrkr
(thou.
poods)

Number of

Coal
output
(thou.
poods)

No.
of
stm-
eng.

total
h. p.

work-
ers

Coal
output
(thou.
poods)

No.
of
stm-
eng.

total
h. p.

m
i
n
e
s

pits
and
drifts

work-
ers

I. Mines with up to
  10 wkrs
II.  . . . 10 to 25
  wrkrs
III.  . . . 25 to 100
  wrkrs
IV.  . . . 100 to
  500 wrkrs
V.  . . . 500 to
  1,000 wrkrs
VI.  . . . 1,000 and
  more wrkrs


27
 
77
 
119
 
29
 
5
 
3


31
 
102
 
339
 
167
 
67
 
16


172
 
1,250
 
5,750
 
6,973
 
3,698
 
5,021


178
 
3,489
 
28,693
 
59,130
 
23,164
 
53,605


--
 
8
 
62
 
87
 
24
 
29


-- 
 
68
 
766
 
1,704
 
756
 
1,724


6.4
 
16.2
 
48.3
 
240.4
 
739.6
 
1,673.7


6.6
 
45.3
 
241.1
 
2,038.9
 
4,632.8
 
17,868.3


--
 
0.1
 
0.5
 
3
 
4.8
 
9.6


-- 
 
0.3
 
6.4
 
58.7
 
151.2
 
574.6


 1.0
 
 2.8
 
 4.9
 
 8.4
 
 6.3
 
10.6

Mines with un-
known number


9


40

?  
(2,296)


15,008


18


808






Total .   .   .

269

762

25,167

183,267

228

5,826

93.5

681.3

0.9

21.6

 7.3

Largest factories in European Russia in the years

Groups of factories
according to number
of workers

1866

1879

1890

1894-95

No. of
factories

No. of
workers

Output
(thous.
rubles)

No. of
factories

No. of
workers

Output
(thous.
rubles)

No. of
factories

No. of
workers

Output
(thous.
rubles)

No. of
factories

No. of
workers

Output
(thous.
rubles)

Total

with
steam-
engines

Total

with
steam-
engines

Total

with
steam-
engines

Total

with
steam-
engines

A) With 100 to
        499 wrkrs
B)  "   500 to
        999 wrkrs
C)  "   1,000 and
        more wrkrs


512
 
 90
 
 42


204
 
 68
 
 35


109,061
 
59,867
 
62,801


99,830
 
48,359
 
52,877


641
 
130
 
 81


354
 
199
 
 76


141,727
 
91,887
 
156,760


201,542
 
117,830
 
170,533


712
 
140
 
 99


455
 
140
 
 99


156,699
 
94,305
 
213,333


186,289
 
148,546
 
253,130


[ No Data ]
 

Total [*] 

604

307

231,729

201,066

852

549

390,374

489,905

951

964

464,337

587,965


A) With 100 to
        499 wrkrs
B)  "   500 to
        999 wrkrs
C)  "   1,000 and
        more wrkrs


[ No Data ]
 


981
 
166
 
91


534
 
145
 
 83


219,735
 
115,586
 
174,322


289,006
 
142,648
 
198,272


1,133
 
183
 
115


769
 
183
 
115


252,656
 
121,553
 
248,937


355,258
 
190,265
 
313,065


[ No Data ]
 

Total ** 


1,238

762

509,643

629,926

1,431

1,067

623,146

858,588


A) With 100 to
        499 wrkrs
B)  "   500 to
        999 wrkrs
C)  "   1,000 and
        more wrkrs


[ No Data ]
 


979
 
164
 
86


532
 
144
 
 78


219,436
 
113,936
 
163,044


288,759
 
140,791
 
177,537


1,131
 
182
 
108


767
 
182
 
108


252,063
 
120,936
 
226,207


352,526
 
186,115
 
276,512


1,136
 
215
 
117


935
 
212
 
117


252,676
 
143,453
 
259,541


374,444
 
229,363
 
351,426

Total *** 


1,229

754

496,416

607,087

1,421

1,057

599,206

815,153

1,468

1,264

655,670

955,233


     * Data for 1866, 1879, 1890 cover 71 trades for which information is available for 1866.
    ** Data for 1879 and 1890 cover all trades, both excise-paying and non-excise-paying.
   *** Data for 1879, 1890, 1894-95 cover all trades except rail (steel) production.
 

Leading centres of factory industry in European Russia

Categories of centres
according to number
of workers and to
type of centres

1879

1890

No. of centres

No. of
factor-
ies and
works

Output
(thous.
rubles)

No. of
work-
ers

No. of centres

No. of
factor-
ies and
works

Output
(thous.
rubles)

No. of
work-
ers

In
towns

In
settle-
ments

T
o
t
a
l

In
towns

In
settle-
ments

T
o
t
a
l

Centers with 10,000
  workers and more .
Centers with 5,000 to
  10,000 workers . .
Centers with 1,000 to
  5,000 workers . . .


 4
 
 6
 
22


1
 
--
 
37


5
 
6
 
59


1,393
 
148
 
1,029


279,398
 
65,974
 
174,171


158,670
 
49,340
 
133,712


6
 
10
 
17


1
 
4
 
48


7
 
14
 
65


1,644
 
931
 
804


361,371
 
151,029
 
186,422


206,862
 
90,229
 
144,255

   Total centres with
      1,000 workers
             and more

 
Centres with under
  1,000 workers . . .
Centres with no
  workers . . . . . . . .


 
32
 
 
 8
 
--


 
38
 
 
20
 
 5


 
70
 
 
28
 
5


 
2,570
 
 
260
 
1


 
519,543
 
 
17,144
 
--   


 
431,722
 
 
14,055
 
--   


 
33
 
 
 6
 
 1


 
53
 
 
10
 
--


 
86
 
 
16
 
1


 
3,379
 
 
259
 
--  


 
698,822
 
 
8,159
 
--   


 
441,346
 
 
9,898
 
--   

    Total . . . . . .
 
Towns (and outskirts)
Settlements (suburbs
  and townships) . . .

40
 
40
 
--

63
 
--
 
63

103
 
40
 
63

2,831
 
2,574
 
257

536,687
 
421,310
 
115,377

355,777
 
257,181
 
98,596

40
 
40
 
--

63
 
--
 
63

103
 
40
 
63

3,638
 
3,327
 
311

706,981
 
535,085
 
171,896

451,244
 
298,651
 
152,593

Years

Steamers

No. of
other
craft

Carrying capacity
in million poods

Value of craft
(million rubles)

Number of men in crews

No.

Total
h. p.

steam

other
craft

Total

steam

other
craft

Total

steam

other
craft

Total

1868

646

47,313

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

1884

1,246

72,105

20,095

 6.1

362  

368.1

48.9

32.1

81

18,766

94,099

112,865

1890

1,824

103,206

20,125

 9.2

401  

410.2

75.6

38.3

113.9

25,814

90,.356

116,170

1895

2,539

129,759

20,580

12.3

526.9

539.2

97.9

46.0

143.9

32,689

85,608

118,297

Y
e
a
r
s

Population of European Russia
(thousands)

Percent-
age of
urban
popula-
tion

No. of towns with
population:

Population of large towns
(thousands)

Population
of 14
towns
that in
1863
were
largest
(thous.)

Total

In
town

In
uyezds

Over
200k

100k
to
200k

50k
to
100k

Total
of
large
towns

Over
200k

100k
to
200k

50k
to
100k

Total

1863
 
1885
 
1897

61,420.5
 
81,725.2
 
94,215.4

 6,105.1
 
 9,964.8
 
12,027.1

55,315.4
 
71,760.4
 
82,188.3

 9.94
 
12.19
 
12.67

2
 
3
 
5

1
 
7
 
9

10
 
21
 
30

13
 
31
 
44

  891.1
 
1,854.8
 
3,238.1

  119.0
 
  998.0
 
1,177.0

  683.4
 
1,302.7
 
1,982.4

1,693.5
 
4,155.5
 
6,397.5

1,741.9
 
3,103.7
 
4,266.3

Groups of gubernias
of European Russia

No.
of
gub-
ern-
ias

Population (thousands)

Urban
population
as %

% increase
of population
between
1863 and 1897

1863

1897

Total

In
settle-
ments

In
towns

Total

In
settle-
ments

In
towns

1863

1897

T
o
t
a
l

R
u
r
a
l

U
r
b
a
n

I. Metropolitan . . . . . .
II. Industrial non-agri-
cultural. . . . . . . . . .

 2
 
 9

2,738.4
 
9,890.7

1,680.0
 
9,165.6

1,058.4
 
725.1

4,541.0
 
12,751.8

1,989.7
 
11,647.8

2,551.3
 
1,104.0

38.6
 
 7.3

56.2
 
 8.6

65
 
29

18
 
26

141 
 
 52 

Metropolitan gubernias,
non-agricultural and in-
dustrial . . . . . . . . . . . .

 
III. Central agricultural,
Malorossia and Mid-
dle Volga . . . . . . . .
IV. Novorossia, Lower 
Volga and Eastern . .


 
11
 
 
 
13
 
 9


 
12,629.1
 
 
 
20,491.9
 
9,540.3


 
10,845.6
 
 
 
18,792.5
 
8,472.6


 
1,783.5
 
 
 
1,699.4
 
1,067.7


 
17,292.8
 
 
 
28,251.4
 
18,386.4


 
13,637.5
 
 
 
25,464.3
 
15,925.6


 
3,655.3
 
 
 
2,787.1
 
2,460.8


 
14.1
 
 
 
 8.3
 
11.2


 
21.1
 
 
 
 9.8
 
13.3


 
36
 
 
 
38
 
92


 
25
 
 
 
35
 
87


 
105  
 
 
 
63  
 
130  

Total for first four groups
 
V. Baltic . . . . . . . . . . .
VI. Western . . . . . . . . .
VII. South-Western . . . .
VIII. Urals . . . . . . . . . . .
IX. Far North . . . . . . . .

33
 
 3
 6
 3
 2
 3

42,661.3
 
1,812.3
5,548.7
5,483.7
4,359.2
1,555.5

38,110.7
 
1,602.6
4,940.3
4,982.8
4,216.5
1,462.5

4,550.6
 
209.7
608.2
500.9
142.7
93.0

63,930.6
 
2,387.0
10,126.3
9,605.5
6,086.0
2,080.0

55,027.4
 
1,781.6
8,931.6
8,693.0
5,794.6
1,960.0

8,903.2
 
605.4
1,194.7
912.5
291.4
120.0

10.5
 
11.5
10.9
 9.1
 3.2
 5.9

13.9
 
25.3
11.8
 9.5
 4.7
 5.8

49
 
31
82
75
39
33

44
 
11
81
74
37
34

95.6
 
188  
96  
82  
105  
29  

Total . . . . . .

50

61,420.5

55,315.4

6,105.1

94,215.4

82,188.2

12,027.2

9.94

12.76

53.3

48.5

97.0

Groups of gubernia
according to char-
acter of movement
of workers

Average wages for 10 years (1881-1891)

Extent of movement of workers

of annual
worker

Money
wages
as %
of
total

of
seasonal
(summer)
worker

of day
labourer
in
summer,
own
board

Agricultural

Non-agricultural

With-
out
keep

Includ-
ing
keep

Influx

Departure

Influx

Rubles

Rubles

Kopeks

1. Huge agricultural
   influx . . . . . . . . . .
 
2. Huge agricultural
   influx, departure
   inconsiderable . . . .
 
3. Considerable agri-
   cultural departure;
   influx slight . . . . .
 
4. Huge departure,
   mostly agricultur-
   al but also non-ag-
   ricultural . . . . . . .
 
5. Huge non-agricul-
   tural departure.
   Agricultural influx
   slight . . . . . . . . . .
 
6. Huge non-agricul-
   tural influx; fairly
   considerable agri-
   cultural influx . . . .
 
 
 


93.00
 
 
 
69.80
 
 
 
58.67
 
 
 
 
51.50
 
 
 
 
63.43
 
 
 
 
79.80
 
 
 


143.50
 
 
 
111.40
 
 
 
100.67
 
 
 
 
92.95
 
 
 
 
112.43
 
 
 
 
135.80
 
 
 


64.8
 
 
 
62.6
 
 
 
58.2
 
 
 
 
55.4
 
 
 
 
56.43
 
 
 
 
58.7
 
 
 


55.67
 
 
 
47.30
 
 
 
41.50
 
 
 
 
35.64
 
 
 
 
44.00
 
 
 
 
53.00
 
 
 


82
 
 
 
63
 
 
 
53
 
 
 
 
47
 
 
 
 
55
 
 
 
 
64
 
 
 


About 1
million
workers
 
About 1
million
workers
 
Small
number
 
 
 
--
 
 
 
 
Small
number
 
 
 
Fairly
consid-
erable
number


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 |  |
 |  |
 |  |   Small
 |  |  number
 |  |
 |  |
 |  |   over
 |  | 300,000
 |  | workers
 | /\
 |
/\   over 1. 5
         work-
    \_______
 
 
  Very small
    number
 
 
 
      --
 
 
 


 
    --
 
 
 
    --
 
 
   Small
  number
 
 
 
million
ers
_____/
 
 
About 1. 25
  million
  workers
 
 
(to metro-
  politan
  cities)
 


\  Con- 
 | sider-
 |  able 
> num-
 | ber to
 | mining
/  area  
 
Small
number
 
 
 
--
 
 
VV       
| |       
| |   --  
| |       
| |       
| |       
| |       
| |   Huge
 | | number
VV       
 



From Marx
to Mao

Lenin
Collection

DCR
Table of
Contents

Notes for
"Part 5"
Below




From Marx
to Mao

Lenin
Collection

Reading
Guide

DCR
Table of
Contents