Metallist Nos. 7, 8 and 10; |
Published according to |
From V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, 4th English Edition,
Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1968
First printing 1963
Second printing 1968
Translated from the Russian by George Hanna
Edited by Robert Daglish
METALWORKERS' STRIKES IN 1912 . .
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311 | |
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311 |
page 534
The Association of Factory Owners in the Moscow Industrial Area has this year published (Moscow, 1913, P. P. Ryabushinsky's Press) something in the nature of a report on its activities for 1912. Perhaps the most interesting part of the report is that giving data on the strike movement in various parts of Russia.
The total number of strikers in Russia is estimated by the Association of Moscow Factory Owners as 96,750 in 1911 and 211,595 in 1912. These figures are for economic strikes only. The Association estimates political strikes as affecting 850,000 workers in 1912, 8,000 in 1911 and 4,000 in 1910.
Note that "for convenient comparison with official information", which does not cover enterprises not under the Factory Inspectorate, the Association of Moscow magnates has omitted the 6,000 Lena strikers. It goes without saying that we still have no guarantee that such a comparison has been done correctly -- the factory owners decided to copy the bad aspects of our official statistics and not worry about the completeness of their data or even about the accuracy of those who compiled them. The summary table of the number of strikers (page 23 of the report), for instance, is astonishingly full of crude errors, which we have endeavoured to correct in giving the totals quoted above. That table assessed the metalworkers participating in strikes in the Kingdom of Poland for the whole of 1912 as 2,390, and on page 56 we are told that for seven months of 1912
a total of 3,790 metalworkers took part in strikes in the Kingdom of Poland!
One cannot help wishing that our Kit Kityches would hire writers able to count or would send their statistics to workers' trade unions to be checked and corrected.
Let us see what role the metalworkers played in the economic strike movement of 1912 according to the factory owners' statistics.
These data distribute the total number of strikers, 211,595, as follows: metalworkers, 78,195; textile workers, 89,540; workers of all other branches of industry, 43,860. Since there are far fewer metalworkers than textile workers in Russia, these figures show immediately that in 1912 the metalworkers conducted a most stubborn and persistent strike struggle as compared with workers in other branches of industry. To give this conclusion clearer expression, let us compare the total number of workers in Russia with the number of strikers in 1912.
Total number of workers in Number of 1908 1910
Metalworkers. . . . . .
529,274
280,194
78,195
Totals . . . .
. . . 2,253,787 1,951,955 211,595
These data show clearly that the metalworkers hold first place for the vigorous nature of their strike struggle; the second place is held by the textile workers, and the workers in other branches of industry take last place.
If the "other" workers had been as energetic in striking as the metalworkers, the number of strikers would have been increased by some 90,000.
There is no doubt that the relatively more favourable market conditions in 1912 facilitated the strike struggle of the metalworkers, but, although the metalworkers outdid everyone else in persistence, the "others", as we shall see later, fared best of all as far as success of the economic strikes was concerned
The persistence of the strike struggle is determined, among other things, by the average duration of the strikes. This average is obtained by dividing the total number of days lost through strikes by the number of strikers.
Here are the figures given by the Association of Factory Owners:
Average
1895-1904 . . . . . . . .
. . . .
4.8 days
"It turns out that the resistance of the workers," says the report, "was almost twice as great in 1912 as that of 1911." To this we must add that if we take the last seven months of 1912 (and, indeed, only for this period are the data in the report under review reasonably well processed), we get an average of 16 days as the length of a strike.
It therefore follows that the stubbornness of the workers in the strike struggle is undoubtedly increasing and is becoming greater as time goes on.
The duration of the strikes in the different branches of industry was as follows:
1911 1912 The last
Metalworkers. . . . . . . .
10.0 days
14.2 days
18.8 days
All Industries . . .
. . . 8.2 " 13.4 " 16.0 "
From this we see that as far as concerns the duration of strikes, metalworkers held first place in 1911 and in the second half of 1912; it was only in the first half of 1912 that the "others" took first place and the metalworkers found themselves in the second place. Throughout the whole of the period under review the textile workers have been in the second place as far as the duration of their strikes is concerned.
The factory owners assess the general outcome of the strikes by a computation of "losses to industry" from strikes. Our capitalists do not wish to compute what the working class has gained through strikes! Here is a summary of the factory owners' statistics:
Branches of industry
Direct losses
Loss to (thousand rubles)
Metal . . . . . . . .
. . . .
558
1,145
4,959
Totals for 1912 . . . . .
. 1,365 2,481 14,787
Representatives of bourgeois political economy will object -- but, they will say, did not the "country" lose three times as much and were not the workers' wage losses three times as much, and are not the workers' losses in wages of more significance than the factory owners' losses?
According to factory owners' statistics, and bourgeois logic, too, these foolish workers are only doing themselves harm with their strikes, and the solicitous authorities and capitalist benefactors who persecute them for striking are only acting in the interests of the workers. . . .
The same factory owners tell us that they have succeeded in assessing the results of the 1911 strikes in respect of 96,730 strikers.
In the strike struggle 47,369 workers (49 per cent) were defeated and 49,361 (51 per cent) achieved the complete or partial satisfaction of their demands, i.e., were successful.
This is the result of strikes that factory owners' statistics and bourgeois economy prefer not to take into account! And, indeed, it cannot be reckoned in rubles, far apart from the workers' direct gain in increased wages
when a strike is successful, there is still another "gain". The entire working class, and, therefore, the entire country (the country of the working masses and not of the bourgeois minority) gains from the resistance offered by striking workers to the exploiters. Without that resistance the workers would have become downright paupers, crushed by the high cost of living; without that resistance they would be transformed from human beings into the hopeless slaves of capital.
According to the factory owners' statistics, strikes were less successful in the second half of 1912; 52 per cent of the workers on strike suffered defeat, only 36 per cent were successful, and for 11 per cent the outcome was not determined. At this point we must make a more thorough examination of the role of striking metalworkers in Russia in general and in the various districts in particular.
The Association of Moscow Factory Owners provides fairly well processed information on strikes, as we have said, only for the last seven months of 1912. The information covers five areas of Russia -- the Moscow, St. Petersburg, Baltic and Southern areas, and the Kingdom of Poland.
The metalworkers striking during these months are distributed by areas as follows:
Area Number of strikers in the last Total Metalworkers
Moscow . . . . . . . .
.
48,140
3,760
Totals. . . . .
. . . . 131,625 40,475
burg area they constitute a very significant section of the strikers (over 40 per cent) and are second only to the textile workers (16,770 strikers in the St. Petersburg area). In the Moscow, Baltic and Polish areas, the metalworkers were but a small minority among the strikers.
By comparing the first five months of 1912 with the last seven months we get:
Number of strikers: First 5 months Last 7 months 1912
Metalworkers. . . . .
37,720
40,475
Totals . . . .
. . 79,970 131,625
To assess the outcome of strikes the Moscow Association of Factory Owners divides strikers into three groups -- those defeated, those successful (whose demands were wholly or partially acceded to) and those whose strikes ended without definite results.
This is one of the most interesting of all questions of strike statistics. The millionaires' association has handled the question badly; for example, there are no data on offensive strikes (when the workers demand an improvement in their living and working conditions) and defensive strikes (when workers resist changes introduced by the capitalists worsening living and working conditions). Nor is there any detailed information on the causes of strikes (such information is given even in our official statistics), etc.
The way the Association of Moscow Factory Owners have handled what information they do give is, furthermore, extremely unsatisfactory. There are even obvious cases of out-and-out distortion of figures; in the Moscow area, for instance, the number of metalworkers successful in strikes is assessed at 40 (with 3,420 defeated and 300 with undetermined results).
But in the letterpress of the report, page 35, we find that at the beginning of July 1912, there was a strike of workers in a number of art metalware workshops involving more than 1,200 workers in 15 enterprises. It was an offensive strike the workers demanded a nine-hour day with a seven-hour day on the eve of holidays, as well as higher wages and better sanitary conditions. The owners of the workshops tried to organise resistance and decided unanimously not to make concessions and not to accept orders from the shops on strike. The workers had apparently chosen a favourable moment it was the height of the building season, "it was hard to find unengaged workers. By the end of July the owners of the majority of workshops made concessions.
This is what the report says! And in the statistical table the number of metalworkers winning strikes is shown as 40 (forty !). One begins to wonder whether the factory owners' statisticians were not only too willing "to forget" the victories of the workers. Did they not strive -- unwittingly, of course -- to please the Kit Kityches by understating the number of victorious workers?
In any case, organised, class-conscious workers must approach the factory owners' statistics with caution and scepticism and must persist in their attempts to compile their own workers' strike statistics.
The overall figures on the outcome of strikes given by the factory owners are:
Number of strikers Metal- Textile- Others Totals
Defeated . . . . . . .
19,990
43,085
7,150
70,225
Totals. . . .
. . . 40,475 66,590 24,560 131,625
We see from this that the most successful of all were workers in other branches of industry -- more workers their strikes than lost them. Second place is held by the metalworkers; the number of successful strikers is nevertheless very considerable -- over 40 per cent of the total. The textile workers had the worst results -- their losses were more than twice as great as their gains.
Taking them by and large, the results of the strike struggle in 1912 were not bad, although they were not so good as those of 1911. To make it easier to compare the data for different years let us divide the number of strikers, the outcome of whose strikes is unknown, equally between the successful and unsuccessful strikers. In this way we obtain for the last seven months of 1912, a total of 77,000 unsuccessful (i.e., 58.4 per cent) and 55,000 successful (i.e., 41.6 per cent) strikers out of 132,000.
It cannot be guaranteed that these figures are identical in kind with those of official statistics for previous years. We shall, however, quote these figures so that workers will be able to judge the general outcome of strikes in Russia in the best and worst years of the working-class movement.
Number of strikers (thousands) Suc- % Unsuc- % Totals
1895-1904 (total for ten years)
159
37.5
265
62.5
424
various years are probably not fully comparable, but they can give some idea of the situation.
Let it be noted that according to British strike statistics for the ten years 1900-09 the average annual percentage of workers winning strikes was 26.8, defeated 31.7, and ending their strikes in a compromise 41.3. If the last figure is divided equally between successful and unsuccessful strikers we get: successful, 47.5 per cent, unsuccessful, 52.3 per cent. Strikes in Russia in 1905 and 1906, and again in 1911, were more successful than the average British strikes despite the tremendous advantages possessed by the British workers in respect of organisation and political liberty.
It is rather interesting to compare the results of metalworkers' strikes in different parts of Russia.
The Moscow and St. Petersburg areas differ from all others in this respect. The strikes of both metalworkers and all other workers were, in general, relatively unsuccessful in the last seven months of 1912 in the Moscow and St. Petersburg areas. The opposite is true of other areas.
Here are the figures for the Moscow and St. Petersburg areas.
Number of striking metalworkers Moscow St. Petersburg
Defeated . . . . . . . .
. . . .
3,420
10,840
Totals. . . .
. . . . . . . . 3,760 15,160
Apparently there were certain general conditions in the Moscow and St. Petersburg districts that were unfavourable to workers' strikes in nearly all branches of industry.
In the South, on the contrary, and in the Baltic and Polish districts, the strikes of all workers in general, and of metalworkers in particular, were successful.
Number of striking metalworkers
in the South Baltic Kingdom
Defeated . . . . . . . .
. . . .
4,390
440
900
Totals. . . .
. . . . . . . . 16,605 1,160 3,790
In the West and South of Russia the workers attacked the capitalists and scored big victories; in Moscow and St. Petersburg they also attacked but in most cases their attacks were warded off. Unfortunately, the data we are analysing are too scanty to permit a comparison with 1911 and it is impossible to draw a definite conclusion as to the causes of the difference.
As we have seen, the metalworkers come first as far as the persistence of their strikes is concerned and the textile workers are in the last place. It is interesting to compare
the persistence of the successful strikes of metalworkers with that of the unsuccessful. Here are the figures:
Number of
Number of
Average
Defeated . . . . . . . .
. .
19,990
230.7
11.5
Totals. . . .
. . . . . . 40,475 763.3 18.8
Be it noted that among "the other" workers we also ob serve greater stubbornness in successful strikes and among textile workers we see the opposite‹the unsuccessful strikes of the latter were the most stubborn.
A comparison of the persistence of metalworkers' strikes in the different areas of Russia gives the following results:
Average length of strikes per
striking metalworker Moscow St. Peters- Baltic South Kingdom
Defeated . . . . .
. . . .
11.5
12.1
5.9
12.0
5.2
Totals. . . .
. . . . . 11.5 21.4 17.0 18.4 18.3
lastly, the Moscow area. With the exception of the Moscow area all other successful strikes were more stubborn than the unsuccessful.
Judging by the persistence of their strikes and also by the percentage of workers participating in the strike struggle, the St. Petersburg metalworkers play the role of vanguard to the metalworkers of all Russia. And the metalworkers in general play the same role to the workers of the other branches of industry.
I
page 312
Russia according to statistics
strikers in 1912
(according to
the factory
owners' data)
(including
miners)
(excluding
miners)
Textile workers . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . .
823,401
901,112
840,520
831,241
89,540
43,860
page 313
duration
of strike
1909 . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
1911 . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
1912 . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
6.5 "
8.2 "
13.4 "
seven months
of 1912
Textile workers . . . . . . .
Others . . . . . . . . .
.
9.2 "
5.0 "
11.9 "
15.6 "
14.0 "
16.8 "
page 314
to industry
from strikes
(economic)
Loss of
workers'
wages
country in
underpro-
duction
Textile . . . . . . . . .
. . .
Others . . . . . . . .
. . . .
479
328
807
529
6,010
3,818
" " 1911 . .
. . . .
402
716
4,563
We see from this table that in 1912 the capitalists' loss were three times greater than in 1911.
page 315
IV
seven months ol 1912
St. Petersburg . . . . . . .
Baltic . . . . . . . .
.
Southern . . . . . . . . .
Kingdom of Poland . . . . .
35,390
13,210
22,195
12,690
15,160
1,160
16,605
3,790
In the Southern area, therefore, metalworkers predominate among the total number of strikers. In the St. Peters-
page 316
Textile workers . . . .
Others . . . . . . .
22,950
19,300
66,590
24,560
In the second half of the year the vigour with which the metalworkers engaged in strikes was somewhat less -- the strike movement greatly increased among the textile workers while that of workers in other branches of industry remained at approximately the same level.
V
page 3l7
workers
workers
Successful. . . . . . .
Outcome unknown . . . .
17,860
2,625
20,285
3,220
9,520
7,890
47,665
13,735
page 318
VI
cessful
cessful
1905 . . . . . . . . .
. .
1906 . . . . . . . . .
. .
1907 . . . . . . . . .
. .
1908 . . . . . . . . .
. .
1909 . . . . . . . . .
. .
1910 . . . . . . . . .
. .
1911 . . . . . . . . .
. .
1912 (seven months) . . . . .
705
233
59
--
--
--
49
55
48.9
50.9
29.5
--
--
--
51.0
41.6
734
225
141
--
--
--
47
77
51.5
49.1
70.5
--
--
--
49.0
58.4
1,439
458
200
--
--
--
96
132
Thus, the results of the strikes in the second half of 1912 were not so good as those of 1905, 1906, and 1911 but better than those of 1895-1904 and better than those of 1907. We must repeat that the figures at our disposal for the
page 319
VII
in the last seven months of 1912
area
area
Successful. . . . . . . . .
. . .
Outcome unknown . . . . . . . .
.
40
400
4,170
150
The number of defeated is much greater than the number of successful strikers. The same is true of the textile workers in both areas and of "the others" in St. Petersburg. Only in the Moscow area did "the others" show a greater number of successful (4,380) than unsuccessful strikers (1,230).
page 320
last seven months of 1912
area
of Poland
Successful. . . . . . . . .
. . .
Outcome unknown . . . . . . . .
.
10,040
2,175
720
--
2,890
--
The metalworkers had their greatest success in Poland; in general, the economic conditions for a strike movement in that district turned out most favourable for the workers. They were successful there in all branches of industry (in the South "the others" suffered a defeat and in the Baltic area the textile workers' struggle ended in "a draw" -- there were 1,485 each successful and unsuccessful strikers). Even the textile workers, who were, in general, most severely defeated throughout Russia in the second half of 1912 (43,000 defeated and 20,000 successful) scored a brilliant victory in the Kingdom of Poland‹only 390 defeated as compared with 8,060 successful.
VIII
page 321
metalworker
strikers
days lost
(thousands)
number of days
lost per striker
Successful. . . . . . . . .
.
Outcome unknown . . . . . . .
17,860
2,625
387.3
145.3
21.7
55.4
We see that the distinguishing feature of successful metalworkers ' strikes is that they were almost twice as persistent as the unsuccessful strikes (21.7 days as compared with 11.5 days). Victory was not easily achieved. Only by tremendous vigour and persistence was it possible to break the resistance of the capitalists. The strikes whose outcome was not clearly defined were apparently those in which the strength of the "contestants" was more or less equal and the struggle was extraordinarily stubborn; the average length of strikes leading to indefinite results was 55.4 days.
area
burg area
area
of Poland
Successful. . . . . .
. . .
Outcome unknown . . . . .
.
7.5
12.0
37.2
261.3
23.7
--
14.9
47.1
22.4
--
First place for duration ot strikes among the metalworkers in general is taken by the St. Petersburg area; next comes the South, then the Polish and Baltic areas and,
page 322