page 250
	Centralised economic management, 60-5,  134; of oil refineries and railways, 61,  73; of power sutions, 61, 73, 75 Chemical industry, integration in, 68-9 China, agricultural reform in, 29; devel-  opment of co-operatives in, 52; indiv-  idual production in, 131; people's com-  munes in, 53, 78-9, 95; planned econ-  omy of, 32; state capitalism in, 52 Chou Ti-chin, 79 Chronological gap, 25 Class coalitions, 22 Collective-farm sector, 35-6, 39-40;  direct planning in, 46; economic levers  in, 46-7; and level of productive forces,  128-9; and local markets, 131; means  of production of, 108-9; mergers in,  53; prices of, 235; transition to public  property of, 132; work brigades in,  76-7 Collective ownership, 166-7 Collectivisation, 35-6, 46, 51 Comecon, 201 Commodity categories and commodity  production, 28, 32-3, 34-6, 87, 221,  227; conditions for disappearance of,  39-40, 45, 47, 57, 60-3, 65, 70-1,  132; disappearance of, 44, 84, 110,  120, 134-5, 172-5; and freedom of  manoeuvre, 136-7; reasons for, 41-2,  178; within state sector, 36-42, 55-6,  59, 104, 107, 109-10, 130, 135-8,  175-6; and technico-economic integra-  tion, 176 Communist Manifesto, 159 Compartmentalisation, 92, 114 Conditions for new modes of production,  19-21 Conformity, lack of, 23; see also Non-  correspondence Conjunctures, structure of, 21 Constitution, theory of, 19-20 Consumer goods, 175, 177, 182; as com-  modity categories, 37-8; profitability  standard of, 193 Consumption, 117-18 Consumption funds, 179, 202 Contractual relations, 86-8, 105-6,  173-4 Contradictions, 23, 25; analysis of, 149-  50, 152, 160-1; capitalist and social-  ist, 164-5; between co-operatives and  state organs, 54; between interest of  economic subjects and collective inter-  est, 97-8; in Marxist dialectics, 145-  6; and non-correspondence, 26; in plan-  ning targets, 100; principal, 144-50,  153-4;		between productive forces and organisa-  tional forms, 126 Co-operative contracts, 88 Co-operative production, 50, 51, 53 Co-operation, 28, 36, 66, 67 Costs, of production, see Production costs;  of reverse linkage, 222-3, 231, 234;  social, see Social costs Credit-appropriation system, 58, 59-60 Credit contracts, 87-8 Critique of the Gotha Programme (Marx),  32-3, 38, 47, 137, 159, 239 Csikos-Nagy, 41, 208-10 Cuba, 19, 29, 168; administrative share-  out in, 60; agricultural cadres in, 78;  agricultural reform in, 131, 172; con-  ditions for socialist revolution in, 153;  'Consolidados' in, 63, 129; National Sug-  ar Commission, 113; transition phases  in, 131, 171 'Cultured capitalists', 170 Curreney tokens, 62, 112 Czechoslovakia, 32, 61, 202, 209     Dantzig, G. B., 233 Decision-making centre, 55 Decisions, 73, 75-6; economic, 81-2,  107-8, 230, 242; macro and micro,  105, 108; nature of, 88-90; and prices,  187; teehnical, 81, 89-90, 107; work-  ing-out of, 84 Demand and supply, 59, 136 Directors, 118, 128 Disposal and control, rights of, 54 Distribution, of labour, 173; of means of  production, 174; organisation of, 137-  8, 142 Division of labour, and economic subject,  74; technical, 55, 81 Dumont, Rene, 115     Economic autonomy, disappearance of, 61;  of economic subjects, see Economic sub-  jects; of production-units, see Produc-  tion-units, relative autonomy of 'Economic levers', 46-7, 84-5 Economic hierarchy, 82-3, 89-90; types  of, 90-4 Economic laws, and productive forces,  138; and socialism, 125-6, 132, 133,  136 Economic management, see Centralised  economic management Economico-juridical subjects, contractual  relations of, 86-8; hierarchy of, 75;  loss of autonomy of, 90-1

 

	page 251
	Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts  (Marx), 154-7, 163 Economic Problems of Socialism in the  USSR (Stalin), 34-5, 37-8, 107,  108, 126, 133, 138, 189 Economic structures, 16-18 Economic subjects, 64, 69, 107, 224;  autonomy of, 97-8, 102, 104, 105,  107-8, 110; and contractual relations,  105-6; detemmination of, 72-6, 80;  and economic decisions, 81-2, 230,  242; internal structure of, 72, 76-82;  investment funds of, 101-2; and jurid-  ical subject, 71-2, 74-5, 93; objec-  tive conditions for single subject, 62-4,  134; and planning, 83-5, 93-107; re-  duction of, 97, 107; subordination and  hierarchy of, 82-6, 178-9 Economic surplus, 52 Economism, 227 Economy of the Transition Period, The  (Bukharin), 31 Education, role of, 122 Electronic tools, 64, 70, 116-17, 135,  142, 176, 203, 233, 242-3 Emmanuel, A., 194 Empiricism, 143, 147-9 passim; and  theory, 21O-11, 214; and value prob-  lem, 216-18 Enclosure acts, 19 Engels, Friedrich, 151, 153, 229; on  commodity production, 34-5, 42, 43,  234-5; criticism of Erfurt Programme,  165; Elberfeld speech, 32; on Marxism  as ethics, 155-6; on productive forces,  47-8, 122; on state ownership, 43,  166 Equilibrium rate of growth, 213 Exchange, freedom of, 130-1, 141; or-  ganisation of, 130-7; and socialist pro-  duction, 132-7; see also Market mech-  anism Exploitation, systems of, 21     Feudal mode of production, 15, 24 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 155, 156 Forecasts, and production targets, 104-  5, 108, 110, 176; see also Social fore-  casting Foreign trade, and commodity  production, 35, 37, 142 France, 69 Freedom of manoeuvre, see Economic au-  tonomy Fuel and power sector, new prices for,  237-8; profitability rates in, 199-  200 Full employment, 52		Ganczer, S., 201 German Democratic Republic, 61, 194,  237-8 Germany, 68 Godelier, Maurice, 239 Growth rates, 238-9 Guevara, 'Che', 153, 160     Hegel, Georg W. E., 156, 158 Horizontal concentration, 65 Humanism, 154-6 Hungary, 61; National Prices Office, 190;  price calculations in, 188, 191, 192,  201-4, 209     India, 22 Indonesia, 22 Industrial enterprises, integration of, 67,  68-9; production of consumer goods by,  175-6, 182; socialisation of, 170 The Industrial Revolution, 25 Industry, economic subject in, 73; light,  194, 199-200; large-scale, 25; opti-  mum size of working groups in, 77;  organisation of, 181; profitability of,  199; and value form, 241 Information, selection of, 92; transmis-  sion of, 73, 75, 80-1 Innovations, 103, 205; see also Products,  new Introduction to a Critique of Political  Economy (Marx), 144 Integration, economic, 113-14, 176-7;  forms of, 65-71, 133; technical, 73,  176-7 Investments, investment funds, 179, 198,  207-8; depreciation of, 203, 236;  planning of, 84, 175, 242; rate of pro-  fit for, 197-8, 200, 202-4; without  security, 101-3; unequal intensity of,  200; waste of, 198, 207 Ivanov, 41     Joint-stock companies, 120, 164-5 Joshua, Isy, 183 Juridical concepts, 133-4, 166, 169-70 Juridical powers, 109-10, 128-9 Juridical subject, 63, 69-70; and eco-  nomic subject, 71-2, 74-5, 128; see  also Economico-juridical subject   Kautsky, Karl, 165 Khozraschet, 187 Khrushchev, Nikita, 79-80 Kronstadt revolt, 23

 

	page 252
	Labour, labour-time, actually expended,  215-17 passim; calculation of, 62,  177; concrete, 217, 224-5; economic,  217; internal organisation of, 76; pay-  ment for, 177; socialisation of, 48-9,  50, 138; socially necessary, 135, 172-  3, 177, 189-90, 201, 215-16, 225;  subjection to capital of, 25, 218; and  value, 209, 210, 213, 216-17, 241 Labour contracts, 87 Labour-process, 239-40; integration of,  232; structure of, 217 Labour-saving, 202, 207, 217, 219;  minimum rate of, 196; principle of,  222, 230 L'alliance de la classe ouvrière et de la  paysannerie (Lenin), 35 Land, nationalisation of, 46 Lange, Oskar, 100, 106, 127 Law of value, 37, 39, 40, 100; and soc-  ialist society, 126, 127, 136, 196 'Left-wing' childishness and petty-bourgeois  mentality (Lenin), 44-5, 127, 169 Leisure, 118 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 19, 23, 26; and  Bukharin, 31, 111, 125; on commodity  exchange, 35; on co-operation, 36; on  economic systems in Russia, 17; on free  exchange, 131, 141; on Hegel, 158; on  industrial organisation, 181; and Left-  wing Communism, 44-5, 159; on Marx-  ist analysis, 148; on monopoly capital-  ism, 165-6; on socialisation, 44-5,  127-8, 169-70; on socialist and pri-  vate sectors, 123; on state bank, 88; on  transitional stages, 171 Leninism, 151 Leontief's table of matrix relations, 212 Liberman, 97, 100, 197-8 Lisichkin, 210 Liu Jo-chin, 78-9 Luxemburg, Rosa, 125, 139   McAuley, A. N. D., 239 Management, quality of, 187-8; reform  of, 200, 207 Management centres, 64 Management councils, 54 Mandel, Ernest, 143, 146-7, 149-50,  153, 157-9 passim, 163, 165-6,  168, 172-3 Manufacture, 24 Mao Tse-tung, 126, 146 Marginal utility, 209, 210 Market mechanism, 23,26; and planning,  94, 173-4; and prices, 182-3, 204,  209-10, 214; in socialist economies,		27, 60, 130, 135, 178, 227, 229,  240 Marx, Karl, 22, 41, 108, 151, 153,  158; analysis of value and prices, 213-  14, 217, 218, 220-3, 231, 236-7;  analytical method of, 152; on bourgeoi-  sie, 159; on commodity production, 32-  3, 38, 42; on distribution, 137; early  humanism of, 154-7; on forms of own-  ership, 164-6; formulation of planned  economies, 34; on labour-process, 239-  40, 241; on modes of appropriation, 24,  25; on modes of production, 15, 16, 19;  and problems of transition, 14-15, 144,  and social forms of production, 122,  139-40 Marxism, 212; distortion of, 143, 147 Marxist dialectics, abstract and concrete  in, 144, 146-50, 159; and analysis of  contradictions, 145-50; and ideology,  154-7; and price policies, 211; and  social practice, 150-2 Material incentives, 138, 197; fund for,  100-1 Matrix calculation, 212, 233 Means of production, as commodities, 37,  172-3; common or state ownership of,  32-3, 34-5, 36, 43-4, 48, 50, 53,  133, 166-7, 228; distribution of, 174;  effective capacity to dispose of, 45, 130,  140; levels and forms of ownership of,  50-5; private ownership of, 163-4;  right to productive use of, 109;  socialisation of, 70, 122, 166, 170;  social origin of, 48-9; and the worker,  24-5 Mediations, 23, 26, 178; forms of, 29 Mergers, in capitalist economies, 113,  114; of co-operative units, 53 Modes of production, 14; concepts and  reality of, 15, 17-18; conditions for  new, 19-21; dominant, 16-18, 20;  fundamental contradiction in, 153;  'impurities' or 'residues' in, 15-16;  interaction of, 16-17; in world econo-  my, 18 Money, 130; role of, in socialist state  sector, 58, 104, 110, 136, 174 Muratov, D., 77     National economies, 18, 20 Nationalisation, see Statisation National planning centre, 84, 85 Nemchinov, 102, 197-8, 236 Neo-colonialism, 13, 29 N.E.P., 26-8 passim, 145, 186

 

	page 253
	'Net income' of production, 190, 191,  193; see also Profitability standard New techniques, rapid introduction of,  51 Non-correspondence, between juridical  relations and production-relations, 91;  between property forms and content,  54; between property relations and  relations of appropriation, 225-6,  228; in transition phase, 24-7, 29,  223-4 Novozhilov, 195, 197-8, 231, 237     Obligatory 'indices', 31 October Revolution, 18, 22, 46, 148 Orders, 89-90; subordination to, 85;  transmission of, 73 Origins, theory of, 21     Planned economies, commodity produc-  tion in, 37-42; freedom of manoeuvre  in, 136; and market economies, 183;  organisation of, 31-2; organisational  changes in, 33-4; planning authorities  in, 83-4 Planning, 45, 55, 84; capitalist, 165-6;  consultation and participation in, 951;  contradictions in, 100; and distribution  of means of production, 173-4; and  electronic tools, 142; and integration,  70, 133; internal technical, 69; Liber-  man's proposals for, 100-1; and mark-  et mechanism, 94, 173-4, 240; prob-  lems of, 94-107; socialist economic,  133-4, 179; in transitional econo-  mies, 224-5, 232-3 Planning authorities, 83-5; and produc-  tion targets, 104-5 Plans, annual character of,103; degree  of exactness of, 98-9; draft, 96, 97-  8, 104; realisation of, 46, 105-7; role  of economic subjects in regard to, 94-  8; structure of, 34; surpassing of, 97;  targets of, 89, 99, 175, 178, 187;  working-out of, 84, 95, 167-8, 230 Poland, 61, 194, 202 Political economy, disappearance of,  125-6; of socialism, 151, 152; see  also Economic laws Political subordination, 82, 86; and eco-  nomics, 140-1, 226; see also Transi-  tional economies Political superstructures, 26 Polls, statistical, 105 Post-colonial economies, 13-14, 21-2,  29; transition features in, 27-8 Practical concepts, 13-14		Practice, contradictions of, 152-4; fac-  tors of, 150-2, 160; and theory, 210 Praxis, 156, 157 Price-fixing, 204-6, 209 Price-mechanism, 59, 61, 136, 177,  182; see also Market mechanism Price policy, 99-101 passim, 221,  227-8 Price of production, 195-201, 202, 213 Prices, based on labour value, 212-13;  based on 'prices of production', 195-  201, 237; based on world prices, 201-  2; debate on, 188-202, 206, 208-9;  dual or political, 230-1, 243; and eco-  nomic calculation, 186-8; economically  significant, 85; imaginary, 220-1,  222, 228, 233; and own costs, 191-4,  237; planned variation of, 222, 240-1;  problems of, 184-5; role of, 184; in  state sector, 235; and values, 177,  190-1, 202, 209, 218, 220 Price-systems, divergencies in, 193, 199  200, 206-7; and economic calculations,  186-9; exceptions in, 189-90, 221;  intervention in, from political level,  242; mathematical methods for, 188-9;  and planned targets, 228, 230; propo-  sals for, 189-202; reforms of, 194,  199-201, 206-7, 235-6; simplifica-  tion of, 188; in Soviet Union, 186-8,  199, 201, 209-10; structure of, 186;  theories and concepts about, 210-14,  218-19, 228; in transitional economies  219, 220, 223-7, 228-9, 233-4;  and 'two-channel prices', 202-4, 234 Private ownership, 114, 163-4, 167;  and productive forces, 25; in transition  to collective forms, 52 Private production, and commodity pro-  duction, 36; and dictatorship of prole-  tariat, 123; integration of, 70 Producer co-operatives, 36, 87, 118,  135, 137 Production, productlon processes, cen-  tralised management of, 60-5; co-op-  erative, 50, 51; division of, 39-40;  individual, 130-1; integration of, 134-  5; interdependence of, 133; socialisa-  tion of, 48-9, 132-7; targets, 84,  104-5 Production costs, 186-7, 188; and  prices, 191-2, 193, 197, 204,  237; unevenness of, 200, 205, 236 Production funds, see Investment funds Production-relations, 54, 133-4, 139-  40; and commodity relations, 137; 'ex-  plicit model' of, 178-9; and juridical  relations, 91; nature of, 127; and  prices,

 

	page 254
	Production-relations -- cont.  213; and productive forces, see Pro-  ductive forces; and property, 127-30;  social form of, 45; in state sector, 55-  71; in transitional economy, 225,  228-9 Production-units, under bureaucratic  authority, 63; and centralisation, 64;  and centralised allotment, 57-8; com-  partmentalisation between, 92; deci-  sions by, 31, 90; disappearing autono-  my of, 61; and effective capacity, 129;  interlinked or integrated, 61, 66-9,  90, 133, 173-4, 176; relative auto-  nomy of, 55, 56, 58, 60, 136-7, 178,   237; role of, 33; self-financing, 137;   specialisation and regrouping of, 51, 55,  65; and worker participation, 118-19 Productive forces, degree of socialisation  of, 50-5, 84, 96, 107, 122-3; level  of development of, 41, 47, 65, 70, 81,  107-8, 127, 137-8, 152, 168-9,  227; and production-relations, 47, 124,  146-8, 152-3, 171-2, 219, 226;  social domination, socialisation of, 45-6,  47, 48, 63, 69-70, 117-18, 128-9;  social nature of, 47-50; underdeveloped,  146 Productive use, right to, 109 Products, administrative share-out of,  56-7; circulation of, 62,86-7, 107;  as commodities, 213; and labour, 173;  new, 99, 101, 186, 205; social destina-  tion of, 48, 49-50, 55, 81, 87; stan-  dardisation of, 176 Profit, average rate of, 196-7, 213 Profitability, profit margin, 102, 186-8  passim, 192, 194, 198, 232, 243;  rates of, 197, 199-200, 203-4, 237;  standard of, 191, 193, 200 Programming calculations, linear and  non-linear, 233, 242-3 Proletarian revolution, see Socialist  revolution Proletariat, dictatorship of, 43, 123-4 Property forms, 34-7, 41, 163-4; adap-  tation of, 47-55; co-operative and pub-  lic, 53, 133; and production-relations,  127-30; state socialist, 129, 134     Qualitative standards, 103-4 Quality control, 58, 93, 98; neglect of,  103; and prices, 205-6 Quantitative indices, 103-4     Rabitzky, B., 210 Raw materials, supply of, 175		'Regulated costs', 186 'Regulating magnitudes', 219-22 passim,  228 Regulations, 85, 89; breach of, 91 'Revolutionary consciousness', 154,  157-8 Romania, 194     Semi-finished goods, supply of, 175 Shoruges, 56, 83, 106 Shvikov, Y., 49-50 Simulation techniques, 80, 116-17 Single state trust, 31, 132 Sitnin, V., 193 Social costs, measurement of, 214-15;  and prices, 195-6, 198, 200, 202,  204, 206, 229 'Social-economic centre', 40-2, 71, 132 Social forecasting, 55, 60, 63, 89, 173-  4, 176 Socialisation, of means of production, see  Means of production; of productive  forces, see Productive forces; and social  ownership, 132; and statisation, 44-7,  169 Socialism, socialist modes of production,  contradictions within, 165; and econom-  ic laws, 125-6; integration in, 70;  political economy of, 151, 152; possi-  bility and reality in, 167-9; problems  of, 28-9; social practice in building of,  151; transition to, 20-1, 251 ; in  under-developed countries, 153 Socialist economies, 33-4 Socialist revolution, and principal con-  tradiction, 146-7; theory of, 151;  transformation through, 154, 157-8 Socialist sector, organisation of, 124-30;  and private sector, 123 Socialist trade, 136 Social needs, distribution in proportion  to, 138; estimation of, 40-1, 61-2, 70,  84, 108, 117-18, 135-6, 173, 175,  177; satisfaction of, 195 Social ownership, lower levels of, 50;  political and economic criteria for,  50-1; and socialisation, 132 Social relations, non-correspondence  between, 223; and productive forces,  23 Social utility, 177 Soviet firms or enterprises, 112-13,  129 Soviet Union, agricultural cadres in, 78;  collectivisation of agriculture in, 29,  75, 76; 'combines' in, 66, 67; develop-  ment of socialist sector in, 124-5;  Five Year plans, 46, 176, 180, 186;

 

	page 255
	Soviet Union -- cont.  mergers of collective and state farms  in, 53; nationalisation of land in, 46;  payment in sute farms of, 79; planned  economy of, 32, 95-6; postponement  of price reform in, 185, 193; power  station networks in, 61; price-system  of, see Price-systems; Soviet trusts,  64; work brigades in, 76-7 Sovnarkhozy, 85, 98, 101, 119, 129 Specialisation, 65 Stalin, Joseph, 71, 107-9 passim, 186;  on commodity production, 34-5, 37-8,  39, 132-3, 141-2; on economic laws,  126, 138; on social contradictions,  139 State banking, 32, 88 State capitalism, 26, 29, 164-6 passim,  170, 220, 243 State farms, 53, 77, 79, 105 State intervention, 28; see also Transi-  tional economies State ownership, 128, 133, 166, 224;  and economic subject, 72, 178-9; im-  plications of, 43-4, 53, 109; as juri-  dical framework, 47, 51 State power, 179; disappearance of, 43-  4, 47 State sector, 39-40; diversity of produc-  tion units in, 41-2, 46, 62; juridical  powers of, 109; and price-system, 186;  trading organs within, 106 Statisation, and efficiency, 140-1; and  socialisation, 44-7, 169 Stocks, 106 Strumilin, 190 'Subjectivism', 189, 206 Supplier and user, direct links between,  58 Sur la 'moyenne ideale' et les formes de  transition (Althusser), 14 Survivals, 15-16, 53, 87, 109-10,  137     Targets, 99; planning, see Plans; for  production, 84, 104-5; quantitative,  103-4 Taxes and tax rates, 187, 201, 203,  204 Tax in kind, 35, 123 Technical departments, transformation  into, 97, 107, 117 Terminology, 19-24 Theory, and technical practice, 210-11 Trade, see Foreign trade; Socialist trade		Trading co-operatives, 36 Trading organs, 106, 182 Transition, abstract and concrete con-  cepts of, 144, 147-8; forms of, 13-14,  21-2, 221; ideal and historical, 20;  from the potential to the real, 167-9;  problems of, 22, 27, 166, 168-72;  theory of, 14-19, 21, 22, 160-1 Transitional economies, commodity char-  acter of, 224-5; concepts of, 224-5  forms of non-correspondence in, 223-  4, 225-6, 228, 232; intervention of  political and ideological levels in, 226,  229; and price-systems, 219, 220,  223-7, 228-9, 233-4 Transition phases, 22-3; fundamental  feature of, 24-8, 152; prolonged, 153;  stages in, 23-4 Tsagolov, 190 'Two-channel prices', 202-4     USA, 68 USSR Academy of Sciences, 190 USSR Central Statistical Office, 198 USSR Institute of Mathematics Applied  to the Economy, 236     Value, labour theory of, 209, 210, 213,  216-17, 220, 241; and prices, 177,  190-1, 202, 218, 221; see also Law  of value Vertical integration, 65-71, 82 Vietnam, Democradc Republic of, 32 Vlahov, Ivan, 112 Von Neumann, 213     Wages, 137-8, 202-3 Welfare economics, 239 Wolfe, P., 233 Working groups, and decisions, 89-90,  107-8; and economic subject, 81;  hierarchy in, 82,84; and internal eco-  nomic calculation, 79; internal struc-  turing of, 76; optimum size of, 77-9;  payment of, 80; social personality of,  76, 80, 115; in Soviet agriculture,  76-7, 115 World production-relations, and national  economies, 20; transition period in,  18-19     Yugoslavia, 27, 54, 219-20